
The Aztec Social Ladder
At the top of the Aztec social ladder was the emperor himself. This also means his immediate family would be placed in this social circle. The next rung on the social ladder were the techutli. These are the Aztec lords. One of the major benefits of being a techutli was not having to pay taxes. The upper class of the Aztecs however were punished more harshly than the common Aztec. The reason was that they were to be the example since they had all privileges extended to them.
Military officers were located right below the nobles. This was the only class that was able to more socially. The Aztecs had a closed system. A commoner would never become a noble and vice versa. Military bravery was the only job that could move a man socially. After the military officers came the majority of the Aztec population, the macehualtins. The macehualtins are the commoners, everyday workers and land owners. Below the macehualtins were the tlalmaitls. Let me just say I am sorry for the difficult terminology. The tlalmaitls were the people that could not own land. They were are the eternal screw ups. The good news is that they were above the slaves.
In Aztec society, slaves could gain freedom in various ways. First they could be granted freedom by their masters. In Aztec society only the wealthy could own slaves. it was not like in societies like Greece, Rome, or Egypt were even a commoner could own one slave. A slave could marry a free person. Children born of a slave marriage were already free. Sometimes people were placed into slavery because of debt or crime. Once their debt to society was paid they regained their free status.
A Distinguished Group

Merchants were treated especially well in Aztec society. They were given status other groups were not. There were three types of merchants in Aztec society. The highest level of merchant were the pochtea. These men were able to live in a special part of town. They were given the most important and expensive trade routes about the empire. Besides trade, they had a very important position. It was their job to make sure the merchant class operated honestly.
The next group were the tlaltlani. They were the slave traders. Not all prisoners of war became sacrifices. Some were used for jobs and duties only fit for slaves. The last class were the naualoztomeca. These were merchants given permission to trade with groups that may not be united with the Aztec Empire. Besides trading it was their job to obtain information about these city-states for the government. They essentially were spies.
The Aztec Calendar
| Modern Day Dates | Major gods of the Month | Major Festival(s) | Modern Day Dates | Name of Month (Major gods) | Major Festival(s) |
| Feb. 14-March 5 | Tlaloc (fertility); Chicomecoatl (maize goddess) | Atlcaualo (Ending of Water); Offer maize to gods as well as children | August 13-Sept. 1 | Huehueteotl (fire god); Ziuhtecuhtli (new fire god) | Fire Sacrifices |
| March 6-March 25 | Xipe Totec (god of vegetation) | Gladiatorial combat; victims skin is worn by priests | Sept. 2-Sept. 21 | Toci (earth goddess); Tlazolteotl (goddess of love) | Female is beheaded |
| March 26-April 14 | Tlaloc (rain and fertility god); Centeotl (maize god) | Ceremonial planting of seeds | Sept 22-Oct. 11 | All gods/goddesses honored | General festivals throughout the month |
| April 15-May 4 | Quetzecoatl (storm, rain god) | Woman is sacrifice and blood placed in lake | Oct. 12-Oct 31 | Tlaloc; Octli ; | Offerings made at mountain sanctuaries |
| May 5-May 22 | Tezcatlipoca (god of fate); Huitzilopochtli (god of war) | Child is sacrificed as the god Tezcatlipoca; other impersonator gods sacrificed | Nov. 1-Nov 20 | Mixcoatl (hunting god); Camaxtli (hunting god) | Prisoners dressed as deer are sacrificed |
| May 23-June 13 | Tlaloc; Chalchiuhtlicue (goddess of water); Quetzecoatl | Priest fast and hold vigils | Nov. 21-Dec 10 | Tezcatlipoca; Huitzilopochtli | Prisoners of War are sacrificed |
| June 14-July 3 | Xochipilli (god of flowers); Huixtocihuatl (goddess of salt) | Tlataoni dance in public | Dec 11-Dec 30 | Tlaloque; Popocatepetl (mountain gods) | Ceremonies for the mountain gods |
| July 4-July 23 | Xilonen (maize goddess); Cihuacoatl (fertility goddess) | Girl impersonates Xilonen and is given gifts | Dec 31-Jan 19 | Chihuacoatl (fertility goddess); Ilamatecuhtli (mother goddess) | Merchants offer slave sacrifices |
| July 24-August 12 | Tezcatlipoca; Huitzilopochi; tribal gods honored | Sacrifices to Huitzilopochi | Jan 20-Feb 8 | Xiuhtecuhtli (fire god); Tlaloc; Chalchiuhtlicue (water goddess) | Animal Sacrifices |
| Feb. 9-13 | Aztecs did as little as possible to avoid ill fortune | None | |||


Aztec Days
| Number | Name | Symbol | Number | Name | Symbol |
| 1 | Crocodile |
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11 | Monkey | ![]() |
| 2 | Wind | ![]() |
12 | Grass | ![]() |
| 3 | House | ![]() |
13 | Reed | ![]() |
| 4 | Lizard | ![]() |
14 | Jaguar | ![]() |
| 5 | Serpent | ![]() |
15 | Eagle | ![]() |
| 6 | Death | ![]() |
16 | Vulture | ![]() |
| 7 | Deer | ![]() |
17 | Motion | ![]() |
| 8 | Rabbit | ![]() |
18 | Flint Knife | ![]() |
| 9 | Water | ![]() |
19 | Rain | ![]() |
| 10 | Dog | ![]() |
20 | Flower | ![]() |
Marriage
The term tying the knot, or getting hitched were not just terms to describe a wedding. Aztecs literally had the bride and groom tied together. Men usually marriage at 20 and women at 16.
Men were not penalized for not being married like the Inca, rather it was just impossible to live alone without a wife preparing meals and keeping a house.
Marriages were only permitted between clans. In a clan, regardless of actually being related by blood, an Aztec was related.
A man had to get permission from a council to marry a woman, not the girl's father.
To the Aztecs, marriage was a social tie, not just an attraction between the two people. Old women of the clan were the marriage brokers and they would help set up a courtship. This was also done in China.
That actual marriage would start a night, when the bride would be carried on the back of the old woman to the site of the man's clan.
There the two would be dressed in a loose fitting white cloth and would sit on the floor while members of each family gathered to listen to passages.
At a point in the service, the two would have their white linens tied together by the old woman.
A celebration would then ensue. Unlike in many other cultures, when the husband and wife would consummate the marriage that night, the wife would be "helped out" by her uncles, brothers, and fathers.
This was not considered incest since they believed that their were mysterious powers occurring that could disrupt life.
Women's Rights
Women had rights that did not reach as far as males, but they were quite liberated
A woman could:
Women could be divorced for:
Concubines did occur in Aztec society, however, this was given only to nobles and kings.
Oddly, the Aztecs participated in a organization that was very unique. Aztecs would openly chosen male babies, to learn and act like females. At birth their gender role was completely reversed. They were taught how to act, dress, and serve as a women. They never could become men. These chosen males were called berdaches.
Women were given an opportunity to be part of the religious life just like men. There were women priestesses.

A married couple would build a house after they were married. There were no bachelor pads, people lived with their parents until they were married.
An Aztec day started at 4:00 am. Yes, there is a 4:00 am everyday. Priests would beat drums and blow trumpets to celebrate the rising of the sun. The men of the house would have a steam bath before they went to the fields. All Aztecs regardless of society had steam baths in their houses.
Aztecs were very clean people since they were always around water unlike the Europeans. The ancient Romans were the other clean society of the ancient world.
If you were able to own a slave, work was simple. If you were poor, newly married, or married at a later age, obtaining a slave was more difficult. The most taxing job for the women was making meals twice a day. The main source of food was the tortilla. They also ate: Beans, meat, chili pepper, fish, maize (corn), and tamales.
Aztecs did not have: Pigs, cattle, horses, or goats. This means no cheese or milk. Some of the meats available were: turkey, duck, and deer.
Aztec justice was quick and final. There were many minor crimes, or rather social restrictions, but there were a few felonies:
Killing out of war and sacrifice was bad because it was between clans.
Stealing was bad because everything was community property. Taking more than what you needed eventually hurt someone in the tribe.
Punishment would fall into three categories; jail, strangulation; or stoning
Theft was punishable by strangulation. Drunkenness was dealt with in three parts. First offense was shaving a person's head. The second time their house would be destroyed. By the third time, they were put to death.
The Have's and the Have Not's
Here is a small list of the major possessions lacking in the Americas, and also the possessions not found in Europe
| Possession |
Name | Aztec/European |
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Rubber | Aztec |
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Maize | Aztec |
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Turkey | Aztec |
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Jaguar | Aztec |
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Artichoke | Aztec |
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Puma | Aztec |
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Cocoa | Aztec |
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Humming Bird | Aztec |
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Tapir | Aztec |
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Tomatoes | Aztec |
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Pelican | Aztec |
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Wool | European |
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Ships | European |
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Cows | European |
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Pigs | European |